Huwandu hwezvinhu zvemalenzi chinhu chakakosha pakushanda kwemifananidzo mumasisitimu ekuona uye hune basa guru muhurongwa hwekugadzira. Sezvo matekinoroji emazuva ano ekuona mifananidzo achifambira mberi, kudiwa kwemushandisi kwekujeka kwemifananidzo, kuvimbika kwemavara, uye kuburitsa zvinhu zvakatsetseka kwakawedzera, zvichiita kuti pave nekudzora kukuru kupararira kwechiedza mukati memaenvelopu emuviri akamanikana. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, huwandu hwezvinhu zvemalenzi hunoonekwa seimwe yematanho ane simba guru anodzora kugona kwesystem yekuona.
Chimwe nechimwe chikamu chelenzi chinowedzera rusununguko rwakawedzerwa, zvichigonesa kushandiswa kwakarurama kwenzira dzechiedza uye maitiro ekutarisa munzira yese ye optical. Kuchinjika uku kwakawedzerwa hakungobatsiri chete kugadzirisa nzira yekutanga yekufungidzira asiwo kunobvumira kugadziriswa kwakanangana kwekuchinja kwakasiyana-siyana kwe optical. Kusagadzikana kukuru kunosanganisira kupatsanuka kwespherical - kunoitika kana mwaranzi yemukati neparaxial ikatadza kusangana panzvimbo imwe chete; kupatsanuka kwekoma - kunoratidzwa sekunge kusawirirana kwenzvimbo, kunyanya kumucheto wemufananidzo; astigmatism - zvichikonzera kusawirirana kwekutarisa kunoenderana nekutarisa; kutenderera kwemunda - uko plane yemufananidzo inokombama, zvichitungamira kunzvimbo dzakapinza dzepakati dzine kutarisisa kwemucheto kwakashata; uye kukanganiswa kwejometri - kunoratidzika sekuchinjika kwemufananidzo wakaita sebarrel- kana pincushion.
Uyezve, kushanduka-shanduka kwemavara—kumativi ese emusana neparutivi—kunokonzerwa nekupararira kwezvinhu kunokanganisa kururama kwemavara nekusiyana kwemavara. Nekuwedzera zvimwe zvinhu zvemalenzi, kunyanya kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwemalenzi akanaka neasina kunaka, kushanduka-shanduka uku kunogona kuderedzwa zvakarongeka, nokudaro zvichivandudza kufanana kwemifananidzo munzvimbo yese yekuona.
Kuchinja-chinja kwemifananidzo ye high-resolution kwakawedzera kukosha kwekuoma kwema lens. Semuenzaniso, mukutora mifananidzo kwemafoni, ma flagship models ikozvino anobatanidza ma CMOS sensors ane ma pixel count anodarika mamiriyoni makumi mashanu, mamwe achisvika mamiriyoni mazana maviri, pamwe chete nehukuru hwema pixel huri kuramba huchiderera. Kufambira mberi uku kunoisa zvinodiwa zvakasimba pa angular uye spatial coherence ye incident light. Kuti zvishandise zvizere simba re resolving re high-density sensor arrays, ma lenses anofanirwa kuwana Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) values yepamusoro munzvimbo yakakura ye spatial frequency, zvichiita kuti ma fine textures aonekwe nemazvo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ma conventional three-or 5-element designs haasisina kukwana, zvichikonzera kugamuchirwa kwema advanced multi-element configurations akadai se 7P, 8P, uye 9P architectures. Ma design aya anogonesa kutonga kwepamusoro pamusoro pe oblique ray angles, zvichikurudzira near-normal incidence pamusoro pe sensor uye kuderedza microlens crosstalk. Uyezve, kubatanidzwa kwe aspheric surfaces kunowedzera kugadzirisa kwakarurama kwe spherical aberration uye distortion, zvichivandudza zvakanyanya edge-to-edge sharpness uye whole image quality.
Mumasystem ehunyanzvi emifananidzo, kudiwa kweunyanzvi hwe optical excellence kunosimudzira mhinduro dzakaoma. Ma lenses makuru ane aperture prime (semuenzaniso, f/1.2 kana f/0.95) anoshandiswa muma DSLR epamusoro uye makamera asina magirazi anowanzo kuve nedambudziko re spherical aberration uye coma nekuda kwekudzika kwawo kwe shallow field uye high light throughput. Kuti vadzivise migumisiro iyi, vagadziri vanogara vachishandisa ma lens stacks ane zvinhu gumi kusvika gumi nemana, vachishandisa zvinhu zvepamusoro uye mainjiniya ekugadzirisa. Girazi re low-dispersion (semuenzaniso, ED, SD) rinoshandiswa zvine hungwaru kudzvinyirira chromatic dispersion uye kubvisa color fringing. Zvinhu zve aspheric zvinotsiva zvikamu zvakawanda zve spherical, zvichiita kuti pave ne superior aberration correction ukuwo zvichideredza huremu uye element count. Mamwe madhizaini e high-performance anosanganisira diffractive optical elements (DOEs) kana fluorite lenses kuti awedzere kudzvinyirira chromatic aberration pasina kuwedzera huremu hwakawanda. Muma lenses e ultra-telephoto zoom—akadai se400mm f/4 kana 600mm f/4— optical assembly inogona kudarika zvinhu makumi maviri, pamwe chete nema floating focus mechanisms kuchengetedza mufananidzo wakafanana kubva pa close focus kusvika pa infinity.
Pasinei nemabhenefiti aya, kuwedzera huwandu hwezvinhu zve lenzi kunounza kutengeserana kwakakosha kweinjiniya. Chekutanga, imwe neimwe ye air-glass interface inobatsira kurasikirwa kwe reflectance kweinenge 4%. Kunyangwe ne coatings dzemazuva ano dzinopesana ne reflectance - kusanganisira nano-structured coatings (ASC), sub-wavelength structures (SWC), uye multi-layer broadband coatings - kurasikirwa kwe cumulative transmittance kunoramba kusingadzivisiki. Kuwanda kwe element count kunogona kuderedza total light transmission, kuderedza signal-to-noise ratio uye kuwedzera mukana wekupenya, mhute, uye contrast reduction, kunyanya munzvimbo dzisina chiedza chakawanda. Chechipiri, magadzirirwo ekugadzira anowedzera kuda: axial position, tilt, uye spacing ye lenzi yega yega inofanira kuchengetedzwa mukati me micrometer-level precision. Kutsauka kunogona kukonzera off-axis aberration degradation kana localized blur, zvichikwidziridza kugadzirwa kwakaoma uye kuderedza goho.
Pamusoro pezvo, kuwanda kwemalenzi kunowanzo wedzera huwandu hwesystem nehuremu hwayo, zvichipesana nezvinodiwa zve miniaturization mu consumer electronics. Muma applications ane nzvimbo dzakamanikana dzakadai semafoni, makamera ekuita, uye masisitimu ekufungidzira akaiswa padrone, kubatanidza ma high-performance optics mu compact form factors kunopa dambudziko guru rekugadzira. Uyezve, zvikamu zve mechanical zvakaita se autofocus actuators uye optical image stabilization (OIS) modules zvinoda nzvimbo yakakwana yekufamba kwemalenzi. Ma optical stacks akaomarara zvakanyanya kana asina kurongwa zvakanaka anogona kukanganisa actuator stroke uye responsiveness, zvichikanganisa kumhanya kwe focus uye stabilization efficiency.
Saka, mukugadzira magirazi emaziso, kusarudza huwandu hwakakodzera hwezvinhu zvemagirazi kunoda ongororo yakazara yekuchinjana kwemainjiniya. Vagadziri vanofanirwa kuyananisa miganho yekushanda kwemaonero nezvirambidzo zvepasirese zvinosanganisira kushandiswa kwakanangana, mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza, mutengo wekugadzira, uye musiyano wemusika. Semuenzaniso, magirazi emakamera emafoni mumidziyo mikuru anowanzo tevedzera magadzirirwo e6P kana 7P kuti aenzanise mashandiro uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemutengo, nepo magirazi ehunyanzvi ecinema anogona kukoshesa kunaka kwemufananidzo zvakanyanya pasina saizi nehuremu. Panguva imwe chete, kufambira mberi musoftware yekugadzira magirazi emaziso—senge Zemax neCode V—kugonesa kugadzirisa kwakasimba kwemultivariable, zvichibvumira mainjiniya kuwana mazinga ekushanda akafanana nemasisitimu makuru achishandisa zvinhu zvishoma kuburikidza nemaprofiles akagadziriswa ecurvature, refractive index selection, uye aspheric coefficient optimization.
Mukupedzisa, huwandu hwezvinhu zve lenzi haisi kungoyera kuomarara kwe optical asi chinhu chakakosha chinotsanangura muganhu wepamusoro wekushanda kwemifananidzo. Zvisinei, dhizaini yepamusoro ye optical haiwanikwe kuburikidza nekuwedzera kwenhamba chete, asi kuburikidza nekuvaka nemaune dhizaini yakaringana, ine ruzivo rwefizikisi inobatanidza kugadziriswa kweaberration, kushanda zvakanaka kwe transmission, compactness ye structure, uye manufacturability. Tichitarisa mberi, hunyanzvi muzvinhu zvitsva—zvakadai se high-refractive-index, low-dispersion polymers uye metamaterials—matekiniki ekugadzira epamusoro—kusanganisira wafer-level molding uye freeform surface processing—uye computational imaging—kuburikidza ne co-design ye optics uye algorithms—zvinotarisirwa kutsanangura patsva paradigm ye "optimal" lens count, zvichiita kuti masystem emifananidzo echizvarwa chinotevera azivikanwe nekushanda kwepamusoro, huchenjeri hukuru, uye scalability iri nani.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-16-2025